THE  PEOPLES  OF  HAWAII 


Romanzo  Adams 

PROFESSOR  OF  ECONOMICS  AND  SOCIOLOGY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  HAWAII 


Institute  of  Pacific  Relations 

HONOLULU,  HAWAII 

1925 


THE  PEOPLES  OF  HAWAII 


A Statistical  Study 

BY 


Romaxzo  Adams 
T.  M.  Livesay 
E.  H.  Van  Winkle 

OF  THE  UXIVERSITY  OF  HaWAII 


IXSTITUTE  OF  PACIFIC  RELATION’S 
HONOLULU,  HAWAII 

1925 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/peoplesofhawaiiOOadam 


PREFACE 


This  study  was  made  primarily  in  order  to  furnish  to  the  members 
of  the  First  Institute  of  Pacific  Relations  held  in  Honolulu,  June  30- 
July  14,  1925,  information  relating  to  the  racial  situation  in  Hawaii. 
In  all  contacts  between  the  peoples  of  the  nations  bordering  the 
Pacific  the  fact  of  race  and  cultural  difference  is  sure  to  be  an  impor- 
tant factor.  The  multiplication  of  contacts  between  Orientals  and 
Occidentals  brings  possibilities  of  misunderstanding  and  conflict  and 
at  the  same  time  opportunities  for  an  enrichment  of  human  life  such 
as  the  world  has  not  known  before.  At  no  previous  time  in  history 
have  such  effective  contacts  been  established  l)etween  peoples  of  civil- 
izations so  advanced  and,  at  the  same  time,  so  diverse.  If  the  result- 
ant cultural  conflict  is  carried  on  mainly  on  the  higher  plane — the  plane 
of  understanding,  reason,  and  truth — it  w’ill  serve  as  a wonderful 
stimulant  to  human  progress.  The  world  will  not  only  conserve  the 
values  of  both  Oriental  and  Occidental  civilization,  but  out  of  the 
flux  there  will  emerge  a social  order  better  than  either  has  had 
hitherto. 

In  relation  to  the  Pacific  situation  Hawaii  has  some  of  the  char- 
acteristics of  a laboratory.  Here  racial  contacts  have  been  made 
under  rather  favorable  conditions  and  it  is  possible  that  some  of  the 
results  of  Hawaii’s  e.xperiments  may  be  of  value  in  relation  to  the 
larger  problems  of  the  Pacific  area. 

The  data  here  presented  have  been  selected  from  a much  larger 
mass.  The  aim  is  to  show  the  general  character  of  the  social  move- 
ments generated  by  the  numerous  interracial  contacts  under  the  circum- 
stances presented  by  Hawaiian  life.  It  is  not  to  present  the  complete 
data  necessary  to  establish  the  truth  or  falsity  of  any  particular  thesis. 
The  interpretative  comment  is  largely  for  the  purpose  of  warning 
the  reader  of  the  danger  of  drawing  certain  sorts  of  conclusions  from 
partial  information.  Even  here  a careful  consideration  of  all  the 
statistical  tables  will  go  far  to  guard  one  against  the  fallacious  con- 
clusions sometimes  suggested  by  a single  table. 


3 


The  writer  hoj^es  that  this  preliminary  study  will  serve  to  rouse 
interest  in  racial  studies  and  that  as  the  years  pass  by  there  will  l)e 
increasing  opportunity  for  scientific  studies  of  all  aspects  of  inter- 
racial contacts  in  Hawaii. 

The  division  of  labor  and  responsibility  for  the  study  is  about  as 
follows : Assistant  Professor  E.  H.  Van  ^^’inkle  did  most  of  the 
work  in  securing  and  organizing  the  data  relative  to  convictions  for 
crime  and  commitments  to  prison.  The  public  schools  of  the  Territory 
furnished  data  as  to  retardation  in  the  schools,  several  members  of 
the  Normal  School  faculty  and  others  connected  with  the  Department 
of  Public  Instruction  assisted  in  organizing  the  data.  Professor  T.  M. 
Livesay  gave  them  their  final  form.  For  the  rest  of  the  tables  and 
for  the  interpretation  the  chairman  of  the  committee  is  responsible. 

ROMANZO  ADAMS, 

Chairman  of  the  Committee. 


4 


THE  PEOPLES  OF  HAWAII 

Population  Statistics  by  Race,  1853-1924 


There  is  abundant  evidence  that  the  peoples  of  Hawaii  are  in  pro- 
cess of  becoming  one  people.  After  a time  the  terms  now  commonly 
used  to  designate  the  various  groups  according  to  the  country  of  birth 
or  ancestry  will  he  forgotten.  There  will  be  no  Portuguese,  no  Chin- 
ese, no  Japanese — only  American.  Even  now,  there  is  a growing  sen- 
sitiveness among  the  Hawaiian  born  and  educated,  when  they  are 
classified  according  to  the  land  of  their  parents’  nativity.  They  do  not 
wish  to  be  set  apart  as  non- American.  They  would  enter  fully  into 
the  inheritance  of  America,  and  would  be  called  Americans. 

The  writer  believes  that  this  attitude  is  right  and  he  has  no  desire 
to  ])erj)etuate  racial  or  nationalistic  distinctions  by  the  classifications 
herein  used.  All  the  population  groups  of  Hawaii  are  participating  in 
one  great  social  process.  Put,  while  they  are  becoming  one  people, 
they  are  still  many  peoples.  It  is  worth-while  to  study  each  group 
separately,  as  long  as  it  does  have  a ju-actical  identity.  In  this  way  it 
is  possible  to  measure  progress  and  there  is  abundant  evidence  of  pro- 
gress, for  the  groups  that  have  been  in  Hawaii  for  the  longer  period — 
the  Chinese,  the  Portuguese,  and  the  Jai)anese.  Less  progress  may  be 
noted  for  the  more  recent  arrivals.  Moreover,  the  separate  study  of 
racial  or  national  groups  reveals  diflferences  in  opportunity  and  special 
needs  calling  for  social  action.  P'or  example,  the  Board  of  Health 
statistics  of  infant  mortality  kept  by  race  helped  to  direct  the  efforts 
of  various  social  agencies  to  the  point  where  such  efforts  were  most 
needed. 

Any  fair  consideration  of  the  peoples  of  Hawaii  must  take  into 
account  at  least  four  sets  of  factors : 

1.  The  numbers.  The  general  social  importance  of  a group  is 
determined  largely  by  its  size.  Small  groups  widely  scattered  are  not 
able  to  maintain  their  organizations  effectively  and  they  therefore  suffer 
from  a relatively  rapid  disintegration  of  old  country  culture,  while  the 
larger  groups  maintain  their  organizations  more  successfully.  The 
internal  moral  control  of  the  larger  groups  is  better. 

2.  The  cultural  traditions  of  their  native  lands.  This  paper  does 
not  aim  to  present  data  on  this  point  but  the  reader  must  gain  a knawl- 


5 


edge  of  the  cultural  background  of  each  race  if  he  is  to  understand 
its  practical  situation  in  Hawaii. 

3.  The  length  of  residence  in  Hawaii.  The  improvement  of 
economic  status  and  the  acquisition  of  American  language,  customs,  and 
standards  is  largely  a matter  of  time. 

4.  The  character  of  opportunity  presented  by  Hawaii.  It  has  not 
been  the  same  at  all  times  nor  has  it  been  the  same  for  all  races.  Each 
race  came  under  the  special  conditions  of  the  time  and  under  the 
special  conditions  relating  to  the  race  as  such.  These  are  matters  of 
law  and  custom  and  of  economic  and  social  policy. 

Under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  and  of  Hawaii  the  immi- 
grants from  Portugal,  Spain  and  Porto  Rico  have  been  eligible  to  nat- 
uralization so  far  as  race  is  concerned,  while  those  from  China,  Japan, 
and  Korea  have  been  ineligible.  Along  with  eligibility  to  citizenship 
have  gone  certain  economic  opportunities — the  right  to  homestead  land 
and  the  right  to  be  employed  .on  public  works — which  are  denied  to 
those  not  so  eligible.  Likewise,  the  members  of  the  eligible  groups  are 
free  to  emigrate  to  the  mainland  of  the  United  States,  while  the  inelig- 
ibles  are  denied  this  privilege. 

Moreover,  among  the  citizens,  there  is  a preference  for  those  that 
belong  to  races  with  a considerable  number  of  voters, — the  Hawaiians, 
Portuguese  and  other  Caucasians, — in  public  employment  and  in  the 
employment  of  public  utility  corporations  and  a few  manufacturing 
industries.  This  is  explained  mainly  by  politics,  custom,  race-feeling 
and  labor  union  policy,  and  does  not  bid  fair  to  be  permanent. 

In  the  census  of  1853,  and  in  every  succeeding  census,  the  popula- 
tion has  been  classified  by  race.  The  term  “race”  is  not  here  used  in 
the  strict  anthropological  sense,  but  loosely,  to  describe  the  different 
groups  of  people  in  Hawaii.  The  group  names  are  taken  from  the 
United  States  census.  Hawaiians  are  full-blooded  descendants  of  the 
old  Polynesian  inhabitants  of  the  Islands.  Caucasian-Hawaiians  are  of 
mixed  Polynesian  and  Caucasian  ancestry.  Asiatic-Hawaiians  are  of 
mixed  Polynesian  and  Asiatic  ancestry.  The  terms  Portuguese,  Porto 
Rican  and  Spanfsh  are  self-explanatory.  “Other  Caucasians”  includes 
all  Caucasians  who  are  not  of  the  three  above-named  groups.  They 
are  mainly  of  American,  British,  German,  Scandinavian  and  Russian 
origin.  Since  the  term  “Other  Caucasian”  is  sometimes  used 
in  such  a way  that  its  meaning  is  not  defined  by  its  position  in  a list, 
it  is  j)laced  in  quotation  marks  to  indicate  its  special  meaning.  For 
example,  Chinese  and  “Other  Caucasians”  means  Chinese  and  Cauca- 
sians other  than  Portuguese,  Porto  Ricans  and  Spanish. 

Certain  changes  in  classification,  from  census  to  census,  have  made 


6 


it  necessary  to  introduce  an  element  of  estimate,  in  order  to  make  the 
figures  comparable.  In  general,  there  was  pretty  adequate  statistical 
data  on  which  to  base  these  estimates  and  often  the  estimated  part  is 
small.  For  example,  the  Census  of  1884  gives  the  number  of  foreign- 
born  Chinese  men  and  women  at  17,939.  To  this  number  315  was 
added  for  Hawaiian-born  Chinese  children — the  estimate  being  based 
on  data  as  to  number  of  foreign-born  women  of  each  race  and  as  to 
total  number  of  children  of  all  foreigners.  Ordinarily,  the  error  due  to 
estimate  is  less  than  one  per  cent. 

Table  No.  1 


POPULATION  OF  HAWAII 


1853  1860 


Male  Female  Total  Male  Female  Total 

Hawaiian 37,079'  33,940'  71,019'  35,379'  31,705'  67,084' 

“Other  Caucasian”. . 904  358  1.262  1,095=  505=  1,600= 

Chinese 344  20  364  535=  65=  600= 

Other 483  10  493  490=  26=  516= 


38,810  34,328  73,138  37,499  32,301  69,800 


1866  1872 

Hawaiian 30,250  26,875  57,125  26,130  22,914  49,044 

Part-Hawaiian 817  823  1,640  1,225  1,262  2,487 

Portuguese 382*  42'  424' 

“Other  Caucasian” 1,480=  720=  2,200=  1,679'  841'  2,520' 

Chinese 1,090  110  1,200  1,881'  157'  2,038' 

Other 758=  36=  794=  353'  31*  384' 


34,395  28,564  62,959  31,650  25,247  56,897 


1878  1884 


Male  Female  Total  Male  Female  Total 

Hawaiian  23,388  20,700  44,088  21,504  18,510  40,014 

Part-Hawaiian  1,728  1,692  3,420  2,119  2,099  4,218 

Portuguese  403'  83'  486'  5,549'  4,418'  9,967' 

“Other  Caucasian”  2,264'  998'  3,262'  4,016'  2,596'  6,612' 

Chinese  5,751'  294*  6,045*  17,243*  1,011'  18,254' 

Japanese  98  18  116 

Other  569'  115'  684*  1,010*  387*  1,397* 


34,103  23,882  57,985  51,539  29,039  80,578 


* Includes  Part-Hawaiian. 

= Distribution  by  race,  by  estimate. 

’ Distribution  into  the  two  race  groups,  by  estimate. 

' The  foreign-born  given  in  Census,  with  racial  distribution.  Their  Hawaiian-born  chil- 
dren, to  the  number  of  849  in  1872,  947  in  1878,  and  2,040  in  1884,  were  distributed  by 
estimate  based  on  the  number  of  women  and  they  were  grouped  with  their  parents. 


7 


POPULATION  OF  HAWAII 


1890 

1896 

Hawaiian  

. . 18,364 

16,072 

34,436 

16,399 

14,620 

31,019 

Part-Hawaiian  

. . 3.085 

3,101 

6,186 

4,249 

4,236 

8,485 

Portuguese  

. . 6,870* 

5,849* 

12,719* 

8,202 

6,989 

15  191 

“Other  Caucasian”  . . 

. . 4,027* 

.2,193* 

6,220* 

4,519 

2,728 

7,247 

Chinese  

. , 15,343* 

1,409* 

16  752* 

19:167 

2,449 

21.616 

Japanese  

. , 10,219* 

2,391* 

12,610* 

19,212 

5,195 

24,407 

Other  

806* 

261* 

1,067* 

769 

286 

1,055 

58,714 

31,276 

89,990 

72,517 

36,503  109,020 

Hawaiian  

Caucasian-Hawaiian 
Asiatic-Hawaiian  . . . 

Portuguese  

Porto  Rican  

Spanish  

Male 

. . . 15,642 

3,603= 

1,415= 

9,785= 

1900 

Female 

14,157 

3.582= 

1,257= 

8,487= 

Total 

29,799 

7,185= 

2,672= 

18,272= 

Male 

13,439 

4,438 

1,812 

11,571 

2,878 

1,078 

9,255 

17,148 

54,784 

3,931 

2,160 

605 

1910 

Female  Total 

12,602  26,041 

4,334  8,772 

1,922  3,734 

10,730  22,301 

2,012  4,890 

912  1.990 

5,612  14,867 

4.526  21,674 

24,891  79,675 

602  4.533 

201  2,361 

466  1,071 

“Other  Caucasian”  . 

Chinese  

Japanese  

Korean  

5,699= 

22,296 

47,508 

2,848= 

3,471 

13,603 

8,547= 

25,767 

61,111 

Filipino  

All  Other  

421 

227 

648 

106,369 

47,632 

154,001 

123,099 

68,810  191,909 

19.20 

1924 

Board  of  Health 

Male 

Female 

Total 

Estimate 

Both  Sexes 

Hawaiian  

. 11,990 

11,733 

23,723 

21,271 

Caucasian-Hawaiian 

5,528 

5 544 

11,072 

13.134 

Asiatic-Hawaiian  .... 

3,524 

3,431 

6 955 

7.816 

Portuguese  

. 13,737 

13,265 

27,002 

26,791 

Porto-Rican  

3,133 

2 469 

5,602 

6,347 

Spanish  

1,326 

1,104 

2,430 

1.916 

“Other  Caucasian"  . 

. 12,309 

7,399 

19.708 

34.372 

Chinese  

. 16,197 

7,310 

23.507 

24.522 

Japanese  

. 62,644 

46,630 

109,274 

125,368 

Korean  

3,498 

1,452 

4.950 

5.817 

Filipino  

. 16,851 

4 180 

21,031 

39,608 

All  other  

409 

249 

658 

215 

151,146 

104.766 

255.912 

307,177 

* Ilawsiian-born  chiMien  of  foreigners  distributed  racially,  by  estimate  and  included 
with  parents,  7,495  in  1890. 


® When  the  United  States  Census  of  1900, — the  first  in  which  Hawaii  was  included — was  tak“n, 
the  mainland  race  classifications  were  used.  The  Portuguese  and  other  Caucasians  were 
coinltined  as  Caucasians  and  with  tliein  were  placed  about  two  thousand  Part-Hawaiians, 
presumably  those  who  liad  Caucasian  names  or  who  displayed  Caucasian  characteristics  in 
higher  degree.  In  order  to  secure  figures  comparable  with  those  of  the  earlier  and  the  later 
censuses  this  Caucasian  group  was  subdivided.  The  data  of  the  Census  of  1896  and  that  of 
1910,  togetlier  with  data  as  to  Itirths  and  deaths  and  arrivals  and  departures  makes  a pretty 
nearly  accurate  estimate  possible. 


8 


1853  I860  1866  1872  1878  1884  1890  1896  1900  1910  1920  1924 


9 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  POPULATION  BETWEEN  CITY  AND 
RURAL  DISTRICTS 


In  general,  the  peoples  who  have  been  longer  in  the  Islands  are 
more  often  found  in  the  cities  while  the  newly  arrived  are  mainly 
on  the  plantations.  The  native  Hawaiian  is  an  exception,  the 
majority  still  being  in  the  rural  districts.  The  Chinese  with  their 
more  highly  developed  commercial  traditions  are  more  largely  in  the 
cities  than  are  the  Portuguese  of  about  equal  length  of  residence. 
According  to  the  way  workers  see  it,  going  from  rural  employment 
to  city  employment  is  progress. 


IMAHGRATION  AND  EMIGRATION 

Since  Hawaii  was  annexed  to  the  United  States  in  1898,  more  than 
a hundred  thousand  men  and  nearly  half  as  many  women  have 
been  brought  to  the  Territory  as  plantation  laborers.  This  move- 
ment has  been  nearly  balanced  by  emigration,  so  far  as  men  are  con- 
cerned, but  there  has  been  a considerable  net  gain  in  the  number  of 
women.  The  census  of  1900  showed  79,607  adult  males  and  25,545 
adult  females,  as  compared  with  90,522  adult  males  and  49,178  adult 
females  for  1920.  The  gain  in  each  case  is  partly  accounted  for  by 
the  coming  to  maturity  of  the  Hawaiian-born. 

Emigration  was  mainly  to  the  mainland  of  the  United  States  before 
1908,  but  there  has  been  a considerable  return  movement  of  Chinese 
and  Japanese  to  their  native  lands.  The  following  tables  show  the 
movement  of  steerage  passengers  for  a typical  recent  year.  So  far 
as  arrivals  balance  departures,  the  figures  represent  not  immigration  or 
emigration  mainly,  but  only  round  trips  for  business  or  for  visits. 


10 


CHAR.T  NQ  II 


PER.CENTAGE  OF  EACH  RACE  IN  HONOLULU,  IN  HILO 
AND  IN  RURAL  HAWAII  IN  IQZO. 

Legend  Momolulu 

64-. 2 

"Other  Caucasian 


22.4  4.4 


73.0 


Japanese  HH 

1 

1 5.  o 

2.1 

82.8 

Porto  Rican 

10.0  2.5 

87.6 

Filipino  ^H{ 

r 

11 


Table  No.  2 


ARRIVALS  AND  DEPARTURES  OF  STEERAGE  PASSENGERS  FOR  THE 
YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1925 


Arrivals  from  Orient 

Departures  to  Orient  Gain 

Loss 

Men 

tVomen 

Children 

Men 

Women 

Children 

Chinese  . . 

349 

84 

66 

531 

78 

87  

197 

Japanese  . 

634 

283 

206 

1,469 

892 

1,027  

2,265 

Korean  . . 

4 

1 

1 

16 

4 

3 

17 

Filipino  . . 

10,614 

715 

292 

1,551 

212 

201  9,657 

All  Others 

124 

90 

16 

125 

89 

13  3 

Arrivals  from  North  Am. 

Departures  to  North  Am. 

Gain 

Loss 

Men 

Women 

Children 

Men 

Women  Children 

Portuguese 

62 

28 

25 

126 

49 

64 

124 

Porto-Rican 

11 

9 

15 

81 

48 

79 

173 

Spanish  . . 

3 

2 

8 

36 

15 

13 

51 

Russian  . . 

16 

7 

7 

30 

Chinese  . . 

14 

2 

4 

37 

2 

0 

19 

Japanese  . 

45 

6 

8 

97 

10 

5 

53 

Korean  . . 

1 

0 

0 

5 

1 

1 

6 

Filipino  . . 

68 

6 

1 

940 

19 

18 

902 

All  Others 

118 

33 

6 

328 

84 

22 

277 

LENGTH  OF  RESIDENCE  IN  HAWAII  OF  THE  FOREIGN 

BORN 

Nearly  all  the  members  of  the  various  immigrant  races  having  come 
to  Hawaii  as  field  laborers,  their  present  economic  and  social  status 
depends  largely  on  their  length  of  residence  in  the  Islands.  Those  who 
came  first  have  had  a longer  time  to  learn  the  English  language,  to 
become  familiar  with  things  Hawaiian  and  American  generally,  to 
get  into  the  preferred  occupations  and  to  accumulate  property.  Prob- 
ably tbe  economic  opportunity  was  greater  in  the  earlier  period,  since 
comioetition  was  less  intense.  Of  course  the  earlier  immigrants  have 
larger  numl^ers  of  mature  sons  and  daughters  who  have  been  educated 
in  American  schools  and  who  are  American  citizens.  In  1920  most 
Chinese  and  Portuguese  under  forty  years  of  age,  most  Japanese  under 
twenty,  most  Porto  Ricans  under  eighteen,  most  Koreans  under  fifteen 
and  most  Filipinos  under  ten  were  born  in  Hawaii. 


12 


Table  No.  3 

FOREIGN  BORN  IN  HAWAII  IN  1920 


Approximate 
Average 
Length  of 

No.  Foreign 

Residence  in 

Born 

The  Immigration  Movement 

Hawaii 

Chinese — 

About  half  (mainly  men)  came  1876-1885) 

11,165 

About  half  (mainly  men)  came  1890-1897) 

31  yrs. 

Portuguese — 

About  three-fourths  came  1878-18S7  ) 

5,982 

About  one-fourth  came  1906-1913...  .^ 

29  yrs. 

Porto-Rican — 

2,581 

The  main  group  1901 

Japanese — 

About  one-seventh  (mainly  men)  came 

1885-1897.1 

60,688 

Most  of  the  men  and  nearly  one-half  the  women  I 

came  1898-1907  

About  two-sevenths  (mainly  women  and 

children  | 

came  1908-1919. 

J 

Korean — 
3,487 

The  main  group  (mostly  men)  1904-1905.. 

15  vrs. 

Spanish — 
1,414 

Nearly  all  came  1907-1913 

Filipino — 

18,728 

Practically  all  (mainly  men)  came  1907-1919 4 yrs. 

AGE-SEX  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  PEOPLES  OF  HAWAII 

The  social  character  of  a group  of  people  is  affected  by  the  age- 
sex  distribution.  \\'here  the  men  are  relatively  numerous,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  Filipinos,  Chinese,  and  Koreans,  the  economic  power  as 
producers  is  great.  Where  women  are  relatively  few,  there  will  be 
few  children.  In  the  case  of  a group  representing  race-mixture, — the 
part-Hawaiians — the  children  are  relatively  numerous.  In  the  case 
of  peoples  who  came  with  a nearly  normal  age-sex  distribution, — the 
Portuguese,  Porto-Ricans,  and  Spanish — the  percentage  of  children  is 
relatively  large. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  proportion  of  minors,  and,  therefore,  of 
school  children,  to  workers,  is  much  larger  in  the  part-Hawaiian,  the 
Portuguese,  the  Porto-Rican  and  the  Spanish  groups  than  in  the 
groups  of  Asiatic  origin.  When  a group  has  few  women  and  child- 
ren, the  ratio  of  convictions  and  prisoners  is  made  to  appear  higher 
than  is  normal  for  the  group. 

\\’hatever  the  age-sex  distribution  at  any  date,  it  tends  toward 
the  normal  as  soon  as  immigration  ceases. 


13 


CHAR.T  NO  in 


PERCENTAOE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  ADULT  MALES, 
ADULT  FEMALES  AND  MINORS  BY  RACE,  1920. 

Legend  ^|AdultMales  [m Adult Penales  [ [Minors 


64-  10  26 


1.  Men  in  Acmy-Navy  Service  excluded. 


14 


The  following  table  shows  the  percentage  distribution  of  adult 
males,  adult  females,  and  minors  for  each  race,  in  1920. 


Table  No.  4 

PERCENTAGE  DISTRIBUTION,  BY  AGE,  SEX,  AND  RACE,  FOR  1920 


Adult  .\dult  Adult  Adult 

Males  Females  Minors  Males  Females  Minors 


Hawaiian  

, 29 

28 

42 

“Other  Caucasian”* 

39 

32 

28 

Caucasian-Hawaiian . 

. 17 

18 

64 

Chinese  

47 

11 

41 

Asiatic-Hawaiian .... 

. 13 

14 

64 

Japanese  

33 

20 

46 

Portuguese  

. 21 

19 

59 

Korean  

54 

13 

32 

Porto-Rican  

. 27 

16 

56 

Filipino  

64 

10 

26 

Spanish  

, 21 

16 

62 

Total  population. 

35 

29 

35 

' Men  in  army-navy  service  excluded. 


POLITICAL  STATUS  OF  THE  PEOPLES  OF  HAWAII 

The  racial  distribution  of  voters  in  Hawaii  differs  greatly  from  the 
distribution  of  population.  In  general,  the  Native  Hawaiians  and 
Part-Hawaiians  are  citizens.  About  five-sixths  of  the  Portuguese  are 
citizens  by  birth  and  those  who  came  as  children  ordinarily  attended 
school  in  Hawaii  and  so  were  able  to  be  naturalized.  The  adult  im- 
migrants from  Portugal,  Spain  and  Porto-Rico  were  commonly  inelig- 
ible to  naturalization  on  account  of  illiteracy.  The  Chinese,  Japanese 
and  Korean  immigrants  are  not  eligible  to  naturalization  on  account 
of  race,  and  comparatively  few  of  their  Hawaiian-born  children  are 
adults.  The  Supreme  Court  has  not  yet  decided  as  to  the  eligibility 
of  the  Filipinos  to  naturalization,  hut  several  hundreds  have  received 
naturalization  paj^ers.  They  have  not,  however,  become  interested  in 
Hawaiian  politics.  The  following  table  shows  the  distribution  of  the 
races  for  1920,  under  five  heads: 

(1)  native-born  adults;  (2)  native-born  minors;  (3)  foreign-born 
adult  naturalized;  (4)  foreign-born  adult  aliens;  (5)  foreign-born 
minors.  This  table  will  explain  the  present  racial  distribution  of 
voters  and  it  affords  some  ground  for  a forecast  as  to  the  future 
numbers,  up  to  1941.  Future  numbers  of  voters  will,  of  course,  be 
affected  by  further  immigration  and  emigration. 


15 


Table  No.  5 


AGE  AND  CITIZENSHIP  IN  1920 


Xati-. 

I'e  Born 

Foreign  Born 

Adults 

Minors 

Naturalized 

Adults 

Alien 

Adults 

Minors 

Hawaiian  

. 13,762 

9.961 

Caucasian-Hawaiian  . 

. 3,970 

7,102 

Asiatic-Hawaiian  . . . . 

. 1,881 

5,074 

Portuguese  

. 5,613 

15,407 

1,268 

4,109 

605 

Porto-Rican  

2,997 

2,418 

187 

Spanish  

97 

919 

87 

737 

590 

“Other  Caucasian”  ‘ . 

. 7,357 

3,968 

2,121 

1,902 

500 

Chinese  

. 2,974 

9,368 

331" 

10,574 

260 

Japanese  

. 2,322 

46,264 

29H 

56,332 

4,065 

Korean  

19 

1,451 

443 

3,274 

162 

Filipino  

2,303 

385‘ 

15,070’ 

3,273 

Total  

. 37,995 

104,814 

6.945 

91,998 

9,642 

The  right  to  vote  is  one  thing  and  the  actual  exercise  of  political 
rights  is  quite  another,  \^■hether  those  who  have  the  right  to  vote 
do  vote  depends  on  ‘practical  interest  and  sense  of  duty,  or  on  the 
efforts  of  politicians,  to  bring  their  friends  out  to  the  polls. 

The  following  table  shows  the  percentage  of  potential  voters  to  register 
for  voting  purposes  for  the  general  election  in  1922: 

Table  No.  6 


Hawaiian  and  part-Hawaiian 

Portuguese  

“Other  Caucasian”  

Chinese  

Japanese  


Men 

Women 

87 

75 

61 

24 

74 

59 

52 

14 

73 

7 

The  above  figures  furnish  evidence  of  a public  opinion  adverse  to  vot- 
ing by  women.  The  very  small  percentage  of  Japanese  and  Chinese  women 
to  register  is  largely  explained  by  the  financial  expense  incident  to 
registration.  It  was  the  custom  of  registration  officials  up  to  1922,  to 
require  citiens  of  Oriental  ancestry  to  present  documentary  evidence  of 
Hawaiian  birth.  Many  Chinese  were  able  to  secure  a suitable  document 
free  of  cost,  but  other  Chinese  and  nearly  all  Japanese  had  to  secure  a 
certificate  of  Hawaiian  birth  at  an  expense  that  averaged  about  $35  each. 
The  men,  pretty  generally,  wmre  willing  to  pay  this,  but  it  appears  to 
have  been  nearly  prohibitive  in  the  case  of  women. 


* Excluding  men  in  military  and  naval  service. 

" Naturalized  under  the  monarchy  and  valid. 

® Naturalized  under  special  war  act  and  later  found  not  valid. 

* If  not  foreign  born,  at  least  non-citizen  born. 


16 


REGISTERED  VOTERS  IN  HAWAII,  1902-1924,  BT  RACE 


Table  No.  7 


1902  1904  1906  1908  1910  1912 

Hawaiian  8,680  9,260  9,635  8,967  9,619  9,435 

Portuguese  594  728  939  1,230  1,530  1,769 

“Other  Caucasian’’.  3,192  3,088  2,784  2,799  2,884  3,447 

Chinese  143  175  220  272  396  486 

Japanese  3 2 6 13  48 


Total  12,612  13,253  13,578  13,274  14,442  15,185 


Hawaiian — • 

1914  1916  1918  1920  1922  1924 

Male 8,605  9,343  9,204 

Female  6,045  7,474  7,481 


Total  10,308  10,763  10,901  14,650  16,817  16,685 

Portuguese — 

Male 2,567  3,180  3,622 

Female 524  1,032  1,581 


Total  2,317  2,610  2,844  3,091  4,212  5,203 

“Other  Caucasian” — 

Male  4,299  5,357  5,559 

Female  2,496  3,271  3,565 


Total  4,308  4,652  5,138  6,795  8,628  9,124 

Chinese — 

Male 1,012  1,285  1,684 

Female  129  214  332 


Total  654  777  954  1,141  1,499  2,016 

Jaanese — p 

Male 601  1,014  1,506 

Female  ....  ....  57  121  205 


Total  112  179  287  658  1,135  1,711 

Total- 

Male  17,084  20,179  21,575 

Female  9,251  12,312  13,164 


Total  17,699  18,981  20,124  26,335  32,491  34,739 


17 


CHART  m IV 


REGISTERED  VOTERS  IN  HAWAII  BY  RACE. 


18 


Table  No.  8 


MARITAL  CONDITION  OF  PEOPLE  IN  HAWAII  IN  1920 
(Number  and  percentages  married,  classified  by  race  and  age.) 


.Vo. 

Males 

No. 

Married 

Per  cent. 
Married 

A'o. 

Females 

No. 

Married 

Per  cent. 
Married 

Hawaiian — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

2,180 

402 

18.8 

2.202 

1,140 

51.7 

Over  25  years  .... 

6.254 

4,154 

66.4 

5.817 

4,708 

80.9 

Caucasian-Hawaiian— 
15  to  24  years  .... 

1,040 

159 

15.2 

1,127 

368 

32.6 

Over  25  years  .... 

1,621 

1,246 

75.0 

1,634 

1,268 

77.6 

Asiatic-Hawaiian— 

15  to  24  years  .... 

568 

99 

17.4 

613 

251 

40.9 

Over  25  years  .... 

728 

493 

67.7 

738 

579 

77.1 

Portuguese — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

2 624 

390 

14.8 

2,661 

1,174 

44.1 

Over  25  years  .... 

4,760 

3,963 

83.2 

4,377 

3,597 

81.9 

Porto-Rican — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

4.32 

91 

21.0 

407 

257 

63.1 

Over  25  years  .... 

1,375 

858 

63.1 

791 

699 

88.3 

Spanish — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

203 

20 

9.8 

191 

94 

49.1 

Over  25  years  .... 

458 

373 

81.4 

345 

317 

91.8 

“Other  Caucasian”  *- 
15  to  24  years  .... 

3,521 

194 

5.5 

1,146 

392 

34.2 

Over  25  years  .... 

7,007 

4,331 

61.8 

4,554 

2,918 

64.0 

Chinese — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

1.830 

210 

11.4 

1,643 

636 

38.0 

Over  25  years  .... 

10  584 

5,250 

49.6 

2,075 

1.780 

85.7 

Japanese — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

7,736 

841 

10.8 

7,709 

4,517 

58.5 

Over  25  years  .... 

34,015 

24,438 

71.8 

18,877 

17,876 

94.6 

Korean — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

130 

20 

15.3 

321 

268 

83.4 

Over  25  years  .... 

2,638 

1.007 

3,8.1 

450 

413 

91.7 

Filipino — 

15  to  24  years  .... 

6,101 

834 

13.6 

979 

881 

90.0 

Over  25  years  .... 

8 860 

3,493 

39.4 

1,419 

1,365 

96.1 

TOTAL— 

15  to  24  years  .... 

26,366 

3.261 

12.3 

19,042 

9,968 

52.3 

Over  25  years  .... 

78  944 

49,717 

62.9 

41,155 

35,582 

86.4 

* Includes  men  in  army  and  navy. 


19 


MARITAL  CONDITION 


The  social  character  of  any  group  is  largely  dependent  on  the 
marital  condition  of  its  members.  In  Hawaii  the  immigrants  from 
Portugal,  Spain  and  Porto-Rico  came  mainly  as  normal  families. 
Those  from  Asia  have  come  mainly  as  unmarried  j^oung  men  and,  even 
if  married,  many  left  their  wives  in  the  Orient.  The  Chinese, 
Koreans  and  Filipinos  are  to  this  day  mainly  wifeless  groups  of  men. 
The  Japanese  men  have  brought  wives  from  Japan  until  their  situation 
is  not  far  from  normal.  In  general,  there  has  been  a tendency  on  the 
part  of  the  groups  under-supplied  with  women  to  marry  women  of 
other  groups.  For  example,  about  1,800  Chinese  men  married  out — 
mainly  Hawaiian  and  Part-Hawaiian  women.  Filipinos  marry  Hawai- 
ian, Portuguese,  Porto-Rican  and  Spanish  women.  The  difference 
between  the  number  of  married  men  and  the  number  of  married 
women  (about  8,000)  is  accounted  for  mainly  by  the  presence  of 
married  men  whose  wives  reside  in  China,  Korea,  the  Philippines,  or 
the  United  States. 

The  tendency  to  marry  young  or  to  postpone  marriage  is  of  some 
significance  in  relation  to  future  birth  rates.  The  fact  that  only  about 
■eleven  per  cent  of  the  boys  and  young  men  15-24  years  of  age  among 
the  Chinese  and  Japanese  are  married  as  compared  with  nearly  15 
per  cent  for  the  Portuguese  and  even  higher  percentages  for  several 
other  groups  justifies  the  prediction  that  the  fertility  of  the  Orientals 
will  fall  more  rapidly  than  that  of  the  others. 


INTERRACIAL  MARRIAGES 

In  Hawaii  there  is  no  law  against  interracial  marriages  and  public 
opinion,  in  most  of  the  racial  groups,  is  less  unfavorable  to  such 
unions  than  in  most  countries.  Social  discrimination  against  families 
of  mixed  race  is  either  non-existent  or  in  less  degree  than  elsewhere. 

About  7%  of  the  present  population  of  Hawaii  is  Part-Hawaiian. 
Assuming  equal  fertility,  about  17%  of  the  offspring  of  the  marriages 
of  the  four  years,  1920-1924,  will  be  Part-Hawaiian  and  about  25% 
of  all  children  will  be  of  mixed  race.  Apparently  the  amalgamation  of 
the  races  in  Hawaii  is  destined  to  go  on  at  an  accelerated  pace.  Here 
is  an  unparalleled  opportunity  for  a scientific  study  of  racial  amalgama- 
tion. The  following  table  is  based  on  data  in  the  office  of  the  Regis- 
trar-General of  Vital  Statistics. 


20 


MARRIAGES  IN  HAWAII  FOR  FOUR  YEARS,  JULY  1,  1920-JUNE  30,  1924 
ACCORDING  TO  RACE  OF  BRIDE  AND  GROOM 


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other  8 12  5 32  5 3 47  ...  ...  15  127 


INCREASE  OF  POPULATION  BY  BIRTHS  IN  EXCESS  OF 

DEATHS 


In  recent  years,  the  increase  of  population  l)v  excess  of  births  over 
deaths  has  averaged  more  than  seven  thousand  a year,  or  more 
than  two  and  one-half  per  cent  a year.  The  following  table 
shows  how  this  increase  is  distributed  among  the  various  race  groups. 
This  is  an  exceptionally  high  rate  of  natural  increase.  There  are 
countries  in  which  the  birth  rate  is  higher,  but,  ordinarily,  in  countries 
of  high  birth  rate,  the  death  rate  is  correspondingly  high.  In  Hawaii, 
the  birth  rate  is  high,  following  the  custom  of  the  countries  from  which 
the  immigrants  have  come,  and  the  death  rate,  while  higher  than  in  the 
more  favored  parts  of  the  United  States,  is  exceptionally  low  for  a 
region  of  high  birth  rate. 

The  death  rates  give  some  evidence  of  racial  difference  in  suscept- 
ibility to  certain  diseases,  but  much  is  to  be  explained  by  age  differ- 
ences, and  differences  in  occupation,  income,  sanitary  conditions  and 
medical  care. 

The  birth  rates  quoted  in  the  following  table  are  based  on  the 
number  of  married  women  under  forty-five  years  of  age.  They  indi- 
cate the  relative  fertility  of  the  various  races.  These  rates  can  be  com- 
puted for  the  census  years  only.  In  the  next  table  number  of  births 
and  the  crude  birth  rates  for  three  years  are  given.  The  principal 
differences  between  the  races  are  explained  by  the  relative  numbers  of 
married  women.  For  example,  the  rate  for  the  Chinese  and  Filipinos 
is  low,  because  of  the  fewness  of  women.  The  rate  for  the  “Other 
Caucasians”  is  very  low,  on  account  of  the  large  number  of  unmarried 
men  in  military  and  naval  service.  The  rate  for  the  Native  Hawaiian 
is  reduced  by  inter-marriage  and  that  of  the  Part-Ha\raiian  groups  is 
increased  in  corresponding  measure. 

These  rates  should  not,  therefore,  be  taken  as  indicating  the  rela- 
tive fertilities  of  the  various  racial  groups,  nor  as  indicating  the  long- 
run  rates  of  racial  increase.  In  so  far  as  the  rates  depend  on  an 
al)normal  age-sex  distribution,  they  will  not  he  j^ermanent.  They  are 
far  from  what  they  were  fifteen  years  ago  and  further  change  will 
take  place.  As  the  age-sex  distribution  approaches  the  normal,  the 
crude  birth  rates  will  tend  to  take  the  order  of  the  refined  birth 
rates,  based  on  the  number  of  married  women  of  child-bearing  age. 


22 


Table  No.  10 


REFINED  BIRTH  RATES  FOR  1920 


“Other  Caucasian”  

. ..  150 

Chinese  

329 

Japanese  

. ..  258 

Korean  

332 

Filipino  

. ..  270 

Porto-Rican  

339 

Portuguese  

. ..  292 

Spanish  

345 

Hawaiian  and  part-Hawaiian . 

. ..  296 

Table 

No.  11 

BIRTHS  AND  CRUDE  BIRTH  RATES  BY  RACE 


Births 

Births  to  1000  Population 

1922 

1923 

1924 

1922 

1923 

1924 

Hawaiian  

611 

564 

594 

28,0 

26.1 

27.8 

Caucasian-Hawaiian  . . 

772 

791 

793 

66,3 

64.7 

61.8 

Asiatic-Hawaiian  

549 

585 

553 

81.7 

81.8 

72.8 

Portuguese  

. . . 1,154 

996 

1,069 

44.9 

38.0 

40.2 

Porto-Rican  

289 

297 

314 

48.9 

46.8 

46.4 

Spanish  

86 

64 

74 

40.5 

30.3 

36.6 

“Other  Caucasian”  . . . 

450 

439 

453 

13.1 

12.8 

12.9 

Chinese  

762 

790 

800 

33.8 

34.0 

33.2 

Japanese  

. . . 5,590 

5,689 

5,820 

48.2 

47.9 

47.3 

Korean  

218 

232 

258 

40.3 

41.8 

45.2 

Filipino  

748 

863 

1,375 

27.3 

25.8 

36.3 

Other  

20 

25 

25 

34.6 

50.6 

80.9 

Total  

. ..  11,249 

11,335 

12,128 

40.1 

38.9 

40.1 

Table  No.  12 

DEATHS  AND  DEATH  RATES  BY 

RACE— 1922-1924 

Deaths 

Deaths  to  1000  Population 

1922 

1923 

1924 

1922 

1923 

1924 

Hawaiian  

780 

834 

791 

35.7 

38.6 

37.0 

Caucasian-Hawaiian  . . . . 

189 

208 

173 

10.2 

17.2 

13.5 

Asiatic-Hawaiian  

111 

148 

111 

16.5 

20.7 

14.6 

Portuguese  

320 

404 

341 

12.5 

15.4 

12.8 

Porto-Rican  

113 

102 

86 

19.1 

16.6 

13.5 

Spanish  

16 

26 

13 

7.5 

12.3 

6.4 

“Other  Caucasian”  

251 

239 

257 

7.3 

7.0 

7.3 

Chinese  

335 

332 

307 

14.8 

14.3 

12.8 

Japanese  

1,398 

1,645 

1,388 

12.1 

13.8 

11.3 

Korean  

75 

73 

93 

13.9 

13.2 

16.3 

Filipino  

497 

629 

636 

18.2 

18.8 

16.8 

Other  

28 

14 

20 

48.4 

28.3 

64.7 

Total  

4,113 

4 654 

4,218 

14.6 

16.0 

13.9 

23 


Table  No.  13 


INCREASE  BY  BIRTHS  OVER  DEATHS,  AND  RATE  OF  INCREASE, 

1922-1924 


Increase  Increase  to  1000  Population 


1922 

1923 

1924 

1922 

1923 

1924 

Hawaiian  

*169 

*270 

*197 

*7.7 

*12.5 

*9.2 

Caucasian-Hawaiian  . . . . 

583 

583 

620 

50.1 

47.5 

48.3 

Asiatic-Hawaiian  

438 

437 

442 

65.2 

61.1 

58.2 

Portuguese  

. . . . 834 

592 

728 

32.4 

22.6 

27.4 

Porto-Rican  

....  176 

195 

228 

29.8 

30.2 

32.9 

Spanish  

70 

38 

61 

33.0 

18.0 

30.2 

“Other  Caucasian”  

199 

200 

196 

5.8 

5.8 

5.6 

Chinese  

427 

458 

493 

19.0 

19.7 

20.4 

Japanese  

4,192 

4,044 

4,432 

36.1 

34.1 

36.0 

Korean  

143 

159 

165 

26.4 

28.6 

28.9 

Filipino  

251 

234 

739 

9.1 

7.0 

19.5 

Other  

*8 

11 

5 

*13.8 

22.3 

16.2 

Total  

7,136 

6,681 

7,910 

25.5 

22.9 

26.2 

* Decrease. 


Table  No.  14 


Deaths  from  Tuberculosis 

Infant 

No. 

No. 

No.  to  1000  Population 

Rate 

4 yrs. 

4 yrs. 

Avg. 

Avg. 

Year  Ending 

1916-20 

1920-24 

1916-20 

1920-24 

June  30,  1924 

Hawaiian  

532 

451 

5.5 

5.0 

291 

Caucasian-Hawaiian . 

96 

81 

2.2 

1.6 

83 

Asiatic-Hawaiian. . . 

59 

43 

2.3 

1.3 

123 

Portuguese  

87 

80 

.8 

.7 

87 

Porto-Rican  

31 

33 

1.4 

1.3 

124 

Spanish  

9 

6 

.9 

.7 

68 

“Other  Caucasian”  . 

62 

55 

.6 

.4 

33 

Chinese  

214 

139 

2.3 

1.4 

71 

Japanese  

536 

579 

1.2 

1.2 

88 

Korean 

59 

50 

3.0 

2.3 

89 

Filipino  

185 

229 

2.3 

1.8 

262 

Other  

14 

8 

5.9 

4.5 

40 

Total  

, . 1,884 

1,754 

1.8 

1.5 

116 

24 


ECONOMIC  PROGRESS  OF  WORKERS 


The  basic  agricultural  industry  of  Hawaii  calls  for  relatively  large 
numbers  of  unskilled  laborers.  These  laborers  have  been  secured  by 
importation  from  many  lands  and  the  present  population  of  Hawaii  is 
made  up  largely  of  such  laborers  and  their  children. 

But  Hawaii  has  offered  other  and  better  opportunities  in  other 
occupations.  Because  of  the  character  of  plantation  labor,  the  relatively 
low  wages,  the  lack  of  opp6rtunity  to  rise  in  the  industry  and  the 
social  status  of  plantation  workers,  the  men  of  all  racial  groups  have 
left  the  plantations  as  rapidly  as  they  could  find  more  agreeable  em- 
ployment. The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  sugar  planta- 
tion laborers  of  each  race  for  various  years,  1882-1904,  and  for  all 
years  after  that  date.  By  comparing  the  data  here  given  with  the 
data  as  to  time  of  arrival  on  page  13,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  num- 
bers of  all  races  decreased  either  rapidly  or  slowly  and  steadily  as 
soon  as  importation  ceased. 

The  earlier  groups — Chinese  and  Portuguese — found  the  superior 
opportunities  more  quickly  and  easily,  because  the  field  was  largely  un- 
occupied. The  later  comers,  in  working  their  way  up,  have  had  to 
meet  the  competition  of  the  earlier,  and  so  have  made  less  rapid  pro- 
gress. But  more  than  half  of  even  the  middle  groups — the  Japanese 
and  Koreans,  Spanish  and  Porto-Ricans — have  left  the  plantations 
and  are  rising  in  the  economic  scale.  Increasingly,  the  plantation  work 
is  done  by  the  latest  comers,  the  Filipinos. 

If  one  reads  the  figures  with  a proper  historic  background,  they 
tell  a story  of  difficulty  for  plantation  managers ; they  were  hard  put 
to  secure  a sufficient  nuifiber  of  men.  For  the  workers,  it  may  be  for 
some  a story  of  disappointment  or  of  success — they  returned  to  their 
native  lands ; others  tried  for  better  opportunities  by  going  to  the 
Mainland ; for  still  others,  it  is  a story  of  opportunity  and  success  in 
Hawaii. 

This  economic  progress  is  measured  roughly  by  the  numbers  who 
secured  the  preferred  sorts  of  employment  (see  Table  No.  19),  and  by 
statistics  of  taxable  property  and  of  bank  deposits  (see  Tables  Nos. 
16,  17  and  18). 


25 


Table  No.  15 


LABORERS  EMPLOYED  ON  SUGAR  PLANTATIONS,  1882-1924 


1882 

1886 

1888 

1890 

1892 

1894 

1896 

Hawaiian  and 

Part-Hawaiian  

2,575 

2,255 

2,062 

1.873 

1,717 

1,903 

1,615 

Portuguese  

637 

3,081 

3,132 

3,017 

2,526 

2,177 

2,268 

“Other  Caucasians”.. 

834 

379 

409 

466 

483 

Chinese  

. 5,037 

5,626 

5,727 

4,517 

2,617 

2,784 

6,289 

Japanese  

15 

1,949 

3,299 

7,560 

13,019 

13,684 

12,893 

Other  

. 1,145 

1,249 

1,358 

928 

248 

280 

232 

Total  

. 10,243 

14,539 

15,578 

17,895 

20,536 

21,294 

23.280 

1897 

1898 

1899 

1901 

1902 

1904 

1905 

Hawaiian  and 

Part-Hawaiian  .... 

. 1,497 

1,482 

1,326 

1,470 

1,493 

1,312 

1.687 

Portuguese  

. 2,218 

2,064 

2,153 

2,417 

2,669 

2,876 

2,998 

Porto-Rican  

2,095 

2,036 

2,066 

1,922 

“Other  Caucasians”  . 

526 

658 

514 

674 

979 

1,098 

Chinese  

. 8,114 

7.200 

5,969 

4,976 

3,937 

3,738 

4,138 

Japanese  

. 12,068 

16,786 

25,654 

27,537 

31,029 

32,331 

28,406 

Korean  

2,435 

4,946 

Other  

230 

389 

371 

418 

1,078 

83 

48 

Total  

. 24,653 

28  579 

35.987 

39.587 

42.242 

45.820 

45.243 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

1911 

1912 

Hawaiian  and 

Part-Hawaiian  . . . . 

. 1,604 

1,356 

1.309 

1,454 

1,339 

1,522 

1.297 

Portuguese  

. 3,286 

3,394 

3,807 

3,826 

3.906 

4,174 

4.378 

Spanish  

583 

750 

637 

515 

920 

1.587 

Porto-Rican  

. 2,017 

1,878 

1,989 

2.024 

1,869 

1,809 

1,695 

“Other  Caucasians”  . 

. 1,082 

1,165 

970 

1,000 

1,084 

899 

940 

Chinese  

. 3,684 

3,248 

2,916 

3,561 

2,761 

2.758 

2,744 

Japanese  

. 26,218 

30,110 

32,771 

26.875 

28.106 

27  582 

28.123 

Korean  

. 3,615 

2,638 

2,125 

2,229 

1,752 

1.771 

1.668 

Filipino  

141 

• 86 

2,269 

3,334 

4,630 

Other  

19 

75 

140 

10 

316 

279 

283 

Total  

, 41,525 

44,447 

46,918 

41.702 

43.917 

45,048 

47.345 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

1919 

Hawaiian  and 

Part-Hawaiian  . . . . 

991 

968 

964 

940 

886 

982 

943 

Portuguese  

. . 3,797 

3,546 

3,604 

3,307 

3,093 

2,905 

2.926 

Porto-Rican  

, , 1.483 

1.444 

1,443 

1,298 

1,314 

1.500 

1,407 

Spanish  

, . 1,614 

1,810 

1.560 

1,324 

1.006 

529 

450 

“Other  Caucasians”  . 

738 

700 

733 

778 

765 

743 

779 

Chinese  

. . 2 561 

2,229 

2.208 

1,997 

2,129 

1.895 

1.908 

Japanese  

. . 24,711 

24,732 

24.807 

23,870 

24,696 

24,611 

24.791 

Korean  

. . 1,387 

1,392 

1,499 

1,307 

1.352 

1 299 

1.407 

Filipino  

. . 8,009 

8,912 

8,549 

8,845 

9,459 

9,964 

10.354 

Other  

309 

310 

337 

295 

300 

280 

266 

Total  

. . 45.600 

46.043 

45,704 

43.961 

45,000 

44,708 

45  231 

26 


LABORERS  EMPLOYED  ON  SUGAR  PLANTATIONS,  1882-1924 


1920 

1921 

1922 

1923 

1924 

Hawaiian  and  Part-Hawaiian 

1,322 

924 

966 

682 

635 

Portuguese  

3,086 

2,433 

2,533 

1,968 

1,801 

Porto-Rican  

1,422 

1,215 

1,715 

1,158 

1,089 

Spanish  

313 

173 

172 

107 

84 

“Other  Caucasians”  

893 

906 

942 

1,179 

1,145 

Chinese  

2,378 

1,639 

1,487 

1,517 

1,421 

Japanese  

19,474 

17,207 

16,992 

16,367 

15,339 

Korean  

1,982 

1,208 

1,170 

1,032 

997 

Filipino  

13,061 

12,613 

18,189 

20,884 

19,704 

Other*  

373 

275 

236 

1,754 

2,163 

Total  

44,304 

38,593 

44,402 

46,648 

44,378 

OWNERSHIP  OF  TAXABLE  PROPERTY 

The  accumulation  of  property  by  the  men  of  the  various  races  is 
evidence  of  economic  progress.  The  amount  accumulated  is  indicated 
roughly  hy  assessment  and  ta.x  statistics.  A study  of  the  following 
table  of  assessments  will  reveal  the  advantage  of  an  early  start.  A 
comparison  of  the  real  estate  with  the  personal  property  assessments 
shows  a difference  between  races.  For  example,  the  Portuguese  put 
most  of  their  savings  in  real  estate — homes — while  the  Chinese  and  the 
Japanese  own  relatively  larger  amounts  of  personal  property — they 
put  more  of  their  money  in  business.  The  people  who  have  come  more 
recently  pay  very  small  taxes. 

The  hank  deposits  confirm  what  the  tax  figures  tell. 

Table  No.  16 

ASSESSMENT  VALUE  OF  REAL  ESTATE  FOR  TERRITORY  OF 
HAWAII,  FOR  CERTAIN  DATES 


Hawaiian  and  Part- 
Hawaiian — 

No.  of  taxpayers... 
Value  of  real  estate 
Portuguese  ’ — 

No.  of  taxpayers... 
Value  of  real  estate 
“Other  Caucasians” — 
No.  of  taxpayers... 
Value  of  real  estate 
Chinese — ■ 

No.  of  taxpayers... 
Value  of  real  estate 


1911 

1915 

5,853 

5,741 

$11,188,184 

$13,701,943 

1,653 

2,332 

$2,435,800 

$3,894,078 

2,378 

3,200 

$15,653,000 

$20,971,922 

507 

889 

$895,450 

$2,084,356 

1920 

1924 

6.373 

6,581 

$15,712,371 

$19,995,991 

2,763 

3,247 

$6,381,814 

$11,845,612 

3,315 

3,857 

$29,420,235 

$39,237,379 

1,263 

1,936 

$4,142,944 

$10,944,085 

* In  1923,  1924,  the  minors  and  women,  other  than  the  Japanese,  are  not  distributed 
as  to  race,  and  are  included  under  this  title. 


27 


ASSESSMENT  VALUE  OF  REAL  ESTATE  FOR  TERRITORY  OF 
HAWAII  FOR  CERTAIN  DATES— Continued 


Japanese — 


No.  of  taxpayers.... 

467 

845 

1,015 

2,505 

Value  of  real  estate. 

$219,994 

$1,002,203 

$2,259,357 

$6,422,126 

Corporations  and  Firms 

- — 

No.  of  taxpayers... 

486 

800 

721 

1,323 

Value  of  real  estate. 

...  $47,495,036 

$57,531,821 

$97,321,350 

$124,411,205 

^ Includes  a very  little 

property  owned  by  the  Spanish. 

® In  1924,  about  85% 

owned  by  “other 

Caucasians,”  10%  by  Hawaiians,  2J4%  by 

Chinese,  and  a little  by  Portuguese  and  Japanese  and  others. 

Table  ] 

No.  17 

ASSESSED  VALUE  OF  PERSONAL 

PROPERTY 

FOR  THE  TERRITORY 

OF 

HAWAII  FOR  CERTAIN  DATES 

1911 

1915 

1920 

1924 

Hawaiian  and 

Part-Hawaiian — 

No.  of  taxpayers  . . . , 

1,957 

1,855 

1 927 

2,440 

Value  property  . . . . , 
Portuguese  * — 

$1,320,140 

$1,477,088 

$2,406,695 

$2,165,365 

No.  of  taxpayers  . . . . 

1,132 

1,499 

1,891 

1.938 

Value  property  

“Other  Caucasians” — 

$493,562 

$593,937 

$996,828 

$1,380,941 

No.  of  taxpayers  . . . 

2,062 

2,206 

2,246 

3,031 

Value  property  .... 
Chinese — 

$3,076,370 

$3,365,505 

$5,550,889 

$5,019,036 

No.  of  taxpayers  . . . 

1,857 

1,928 

1,787 

2,165 

Value  property  .... 
Japanese — 

$2,150,513 

$2,224,647 

$2,233,291 

$2,960,258 

No.  of  taxpayers  . . . 

2.291 

3,851 

3,782 

5,732 

Value  property  .... 

. . . . $1,750,785 

$3,792,076 

$5,501,689 

$8,960,451 

Corporations  and  Firms  ' — 

No.  of  taxpayers  . . . 

638 

794 

1,019 

1,233 

Value  property  . . . . 

$67,904,836 

$66,930,707  $115,079,329 

$123,605,091 

^ and  ^ See  notes  on  previous  page. 

Table 

No.  18 

PER  CAPITA  REAL  ESTATE  AND  PERSONAL  PROPERTY 

TAXES  AND 

SAVINGS 

BANK  DEPOSITS,  BY  RACE,  FOR  1924. 

Per  Capita 


Per  Capita 

Personal 

Per  Capita 

Real  Estate 

Property 

Savings 

Tax 

Tax 

Bank  Deposits 

Hawaiian  and  Part-Hawaiian 

$17.92 

$1.61 

$31.33 

Portuguese  

9.05 

1.13 

99.78 

“Other  Caucasians” 

171.10 

145.93 

Chinese  

11.42 

6.12 

122.68 

Japanese  

1.29 

2.12 

21.22 

^ A very  small  part  is  to  be  credited  to  the  Spanish. 


28 


MEN  IN  PREFERRED  OCCUPATIONS 


Certain  occupations  are  commonly  preferred,  because  of  the  su- 
perior wages,  the  agreeableness  of  the  work,  and  the  social  status  of 
the  worker.  The  list  includes  the  self-employed  in  agriculture  and 
elsewhere,  skilled  and  semi-skilled  workers,  managers,  foremen, 
hankers,  merchants,  real  estate  men,  professional  workers,  clerical 
workers,  and  men  engaged  in  public  service. 

During  the  decade  1910-20  the  men  of  all  racial  groups  hut  the 
one  of  most  recent  immigration  improved  their  position.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  the  number  of  men  in  the  preferred  employments  in- 
creased 41  per  cent  while  there  was  a decrease  of  3 per  cent  in  the 
less  favored  pursuits.  This  is  explained  largely  by  the  growth  of 
cities  and  by  the  introduction  of  labor  saving  devices  of  such  a char- 
acter as  to  decrease  the  demand  for  some  sorts  of  unskilled  labor. 

The  following  table  shows  how  the  preferred  jobs  were  distrib- 
uted racially  in  1910  and  1920,  and  the  per  cent  of  men  of  each 
race  who  were  able  to  secure  the  better  positions. 

Table  No.  19 

MEN  IN  PREFERRED  OCCUPATIONS 

1910  1920 

Men  in  Men  in 

-•\fiult  Preferred  Adult  Preferred 

Males  Occupations  Males  Occupations 

No-  No.  Percent.  No.  No.  Percent. 


Hawaiian  7.926  1.697  21.4  7,097  2,183  30.7 

Part-Hawaiian  1,930  803  41.6  2,882  1,454  50.4 

Caucasian'  12,443  3,749  30.1  13,750  5,903  42.9 

Chinese 13,695  3,494  25.8  11,223  3,001  26.7" 

Japanese  41,795  6,433  15.4  36,584  9,795  26.8 

Other 3,599  308  8.5  16,422  952  5.8' 


Total  82,388  16,484  20.0  87,922  23,288  26.5 


EDUCATION  IN  HAWAII 

good  public  school  system,  with  compulsory  attendance,  was 
established  in  the  old  days  of  the  monarchy.  At  first,  the  language  of 
the  schools  was  the  language  of  the  Native  Hawaiian  people,  this 
language  having  been  reduced  to  writing  by  the  missionaries,  the  first 
of  whom  came  to  the  Islands  in  1820.  But,  in  the  generation  preced- 

' Includes  Portuguese,  Porto-Rican,  Spanish  and  all  other  Caucasians,  but  excludes  men 
in  military  and  naval  service. 

* Affected  unfavorably  by  reduction  in  number  of  independent  rice  growers. 

® Explained  by  the  arrival  of  large  numbers  of  Filipinos.  The  latest  arrival  takes  the 
bottom  job. 


29 


ing  the  abolition  of  the  monarchy,  the  people  of  Hawaii,  on  their  own 
free  choice,  made  English  the  language  of  the  schools  and  thus  gave 
themselves  access  to  a greater  literature.  Is  there  another  instance  in 
history  of  a free  people’s  taking  a step  which  meant  the  eventual 
abandonment  of  their  language  ? 

In  more  recent  years,  it  has  been  a leading  function  of  the 
schools  to  educate  the  numerous  children  of  recent  immigrants  to 
s])eak,  read,  and  write  the  language  of  America.  When  one  con- 
siders the  very  large  numbers  of  children  from  the  homes  of  the 
foreign-horn  and  the  fewness  of  English-speaking  people  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, the  success  of  the  schools  has  been  beyond  expectation.  More 
than  95%  of  the  young  people  were  literate  in  1920,  and  in  nearly  all 
cases  the  language  is  English. 

A study  of  table  No.  21  will  reveal  the  very  marked  progress 
toward  general  literacy  and  a speaking  knowledge  of  English,  from 
1910  to  1920.  Some  of  the  difference  between  the  various  racial 
groups  is  explained  by  difference  in  the  length  of  residence  in  Hawaii, 
hut  there  is  considerable  evidence  of  a difference  in  responsiveness  to 
oiiportunity.  In  general,  the  youth  of  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Korean 
ancestry  show  a marked  appreciation  of  school  opportunities  (see 
literacy  statistics  and  percentage  of  children  enrolled  in  schools). 
School  attendance  is  compulsory  for  children  up  to  fourteen  years  of 
age,  but  optional  for  those  above  fifteen.  Note  the  extremely  high 
percentage  of  attendance  for  the  Chinese  and  the  Korean  children  of 
16  and  17  years  of  age.  In  only  one  state  of  the  United  States  is 
the  percentage  of  attendance  for  youth  of  this  age  so  high. 

The  attitude  of  school  children  toward  their  studies  depends  in 
considerable  measure  on  the  appreciation  of  education  manifested  by 
their  parents  and  friends.  In  no  other  country  has  the  scholar  been 
held  in  such  high  regard  for  so  many  centuries  as  in  China.  \\’hile 
many  of  the  Chinese  who  came  to  Hawaii  were  not,  in  their  youth, 
able  to  enjoy  educational  opportunities,  they  did  share  in  the  traditional 
esteem  of  scholarship,  and,  under  the  more  favorable  economic  situa- 
tion in  Hawaii,  they  have  been  quick  to  give  their  children  educational 
opportunities  and  have  inculcated  in  their  minds  a conviction  that  an 
education  is  worth  striving  for. 

d'he  Japanese  manifest  a similar  disposition  but  on  account  of  the 
shorter  duration  of  their  residence  in  Hawaii,  their  inferior  economic 
])osition,  and  their  location  in  rural  districts  not  convenient  to  high 
schools,  their  record  for  high  school  attendance  was  in  1920  far  below 
that  of  the  Chinese,  hut  equal  to  that  of  the  children  of  foreign  parents 
in  the  United  States. 


30 


Table  No.  20 

ENROLLMENT  IN  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  SCHOOLS 


Public  and  Private 

Public  Schools 

Public  and 
Private 

1890 

Schools 

1900 

1910 

1920 

Schools 

1924 

Hawaiian  

. 5,599 

4,977 

3,527 

3,458 

4.213 

Part-Hawaiian  

. 1,573 

2,631 

2,584 

4,478 

7,533 

Portuguese  

. 1,813 

3,809 

3,733 

5,472 

7,403 

Porto-Rican  

308 

1,073 

1,185 

Spanish 

392 

401 

“Other  Caucasian”  . 

654 

1,364 

788 

1,222 

3,553 

Chinese 

262 

1,289 

2,184 

3,961 

6,495 

Japanese  

39 

1,352 

6,557 

19.354 

30,487 

Korean  

164 

535 

1,180 

Filipino 

1,035 

2,127 

Others  

66 

115 

400 

370 

792 

Total  

. 10.006 

15.537 

20  245 

41.350 

65,369 

Table  No. 

PERCENTAGE  OF  ILLITERACY  AND  OF  INABILITY  TO  SPEAK 
ENGLISH,  IN  1910  AND  1920 


Per  cent,  of 

1 lliteracy 

in  Population 

Per  cent,  of 

1910 

1920 

Population  Unable  to 

.\ge 

•\ge 

.\ge 

Age 

Speak  English 

15-19 

45-54 

15-19 

45-54 

1910  1920 

Hawaiian 

. . 2.8 

5.1 

1.0 

4.3 

42.9  19.7 

Caucasian-Hawaiian 

. . 1.4 

1.7 

.3 

.9 

4.3  .9 

Asiatic-Hawaiian  . . . 

. . 1.5 

3.2 

.1 

2.6 

9.2  4.2 

Portuguese  

..  16.6 

75.2 

4.3 

52.8 

28.9  11.2 

Porto-Rican 

. . 61.0 

84.1 

19.5 

76.4 

67.3  35.1 

Spanish  

. . 56.8 

59.2 

19.5 

43.1 

73.3  35.0 

“Other  Caucasian”  . 

. . 2.4 

2.6 

.4 

1.2 

7.7  .6 

Chinese  

. . 9.0 

39.3 

1.7 

29.9 

63.1  38.1 

Japanese  

..  13.6 

44.5 

3.2 

34.1 

79.0  54.2 

Korean 

..  15.0 

37.8 

3.1 

23.8 

81.7  54.5 

Filipino  

. . 28.6 

46.2 

38.0 

64.9 

58.2  60.4 

All  races  

34.1 

4.6 

29.6 

56.6  37.1 

Table 

No.  22 

PERCENTAGE 

OF  CHILDREN 

AT  CERTAIN  AGES  ENROLLED 

IN 

SCHOOLS  IN  1920 

Age 

.■\ge 

.-\ge  Age 

6-13 

16-17 

6-13  16-17 

Caucasian-Hawaiian 

. . . 91.9 

60.2 

Hawaiian 

88.2  41.3 

Asiatic-Hawaiian  . . 

. . . 89.9 

51.9 

Chinese  . 

90.1  69.1 

Portuguese  

. . . 90.0 

25.8 

Japanese 

87.3  35.1 

Porto-Rican  

. . . 81.1 

9.3 

Korean  . . 

86.0  65.4 

Spanish  

...  81 6 

20.0 

Filipino  . 

76.4  17.6 

“Other  Caucasian”  . 

. . . 93  2 

64.0 

All  races 

88  1 40.1 

31 


RETARDATION  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 


The  following  table,  showing  the  retardation  of  children  in  the 
public  schools  in  1925,  is  based  on  the  assumption  that  a seven-year-old 
child  is  normally  in  the  first  grade,  an  eight-year-old  in  the  second, 
and  so  on.  The  ages  were  as  of  March,  1925,  and  the  age  is  to  the 
nearest  birthday — that  is,  children  over  six  years,  six  months  old  and 
less  than  seven  years,  six  months,  were  counted  as  seven  years  old. 
The  child  ordinarily  was  in  the  grade  he  entered  in  September,  since 
Hawaii  does  not  have  regular  semi-annual  promotions. 

School  opportunities  are  not  equal  in  all  parts  of  the  Territory. 
In  the  small  rural  districts,  where  only  one  or  two  teachers  are  em- 
ployed, each  child  has  less  advantage  of  the  teacher’s  time.  Where 
population  is  sparse,  some  children  live  so  far  from  the  school  that 
their  entrance  is  delayed  and  less  regular.  The  pupils  in  these  schools 
are  not  racially  distributed,  as  in  the  large  plantation  schools,  or  as  in 
the  cities.  In  order  to  avoid  illegitimate  comparisons,  the  small  schools 
were  omitted  and  the  schools*  of  Honolulu  and  the  large  plantation- 
schools  are  treated  separately.  Nearly  a third  of  the  public  school 
children  of  the  Territory  are  in  Honolulu,  nearly  a third  in  the  large 
plantation  schools — schools  of  eight  or  more  teachers — and  something 
over  a third  in  Hilo  and  the  smaller  rural  schools. 

The  statistics  of  retardation  found  in  the  following  table  are  to  be 
explained  by  reference  to  at  least  four  factors : 

(1.)  To  dififerences  in  the  amount  of  school  attendance,  deter- 
mined by  the  interest  and  economic  position  of  the  parents,  or  by  the 
truant  officers. 

(2.)  To  differences  in  effort,  determined  partly  by  cultural  tradi- 
tions of  the  group,  partly  by  the  character  of  the  school  incentives,  and 
partly  by  native  qualities. 

(3.)  To  differences  in  opportunity  to  learn  English  outside  of 
school.  In  general,  the  city  furnishes  the  superior  opportunity  and  it 
will  be  noted  that,  for  all  races,  except  "Other  Caucasians”,  there  is 
less  retardation  in  the  city.  Small  groups,  such  as  the  Koreans,  are 
forced  by  practical  conditions  to  learn  English  more  quickly  than  are 
the  members  of  the  larger  groups. 

(4.)  To  differences  in  native  capacity  to  learn.  One  should  not 
attach  too  much  importance  to  this  factor.  Each  race  has  its  individ- 
uals of  high  grade  mental  ability  and  others  who  are  inferior.  The 
average  difference  between  two  races  is  much  less  than  the  difference 
between  the  superior  tenth  and  the  inferior  tenth  of  any  one  race. 
Differences  in  native  capacity  are  so  intimately  associated  with  differ- 


32 


ences  in  interests,  incentives  and  attitudes  that  are  socially  conditioned, 
that  it  is  extremely  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  make  a trustworthy 
comparison  of  tw'o  races  as  to  native  ability.  Often  differences  that 
are  taken  to  be  native  are  in  fact  differences  which  have  come  from 
cultural  tradition  or  from  the  practical  circumstances  of  life. 


Table  No.  23 


RETARDATION  IN  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 
The  City  of  Honolulu 


Per  Cent  Retarded  for  the 
Specific  Number  of  Years 


No.  Per  cent  Not 

Children  Retarded 

1 yr. 

2 yrs. 

3 yrs. 

4 or  More 
Years 

Hawaiian 

913 

40.3 

25.8 

20.3 

9.9 

3.7 

Part-Hawaiian  . . . 

2,256 

53.6 

25.3 

13.5 

5.9 

1.7 

Portuguese  

2,069 

43.2 

27.9 

18.2 

8.0 

2.7 

Porto-Rican  

222 

31.1 

26.1 

21.2 

11.3 

10.3 

Spanish  

185 

49.2 

27.0 

14.6 

7.6 

1.6 

“Other  Caucasian” 

936 

76.3 

16.1 

5.3 

1.8 

.5 

Chinese  

3,214 

64.5 

21.0 

10.0 

3.3 

1.2 

Japanese  

7,289 

62.8 

22.0 

9.8 

3.7 

1.7 

Korean 

434 

68.5 

21.6 

7.6 

2.3 

.0 

Filipino  

333 

38.1 

26.4 

16.2 

13.5 

5.8 

17,851 

All 

Rural 

Schools  of  Eight  or 

More  Teachers 

Hawaiian 

742 

34.1 

25.3 

22.1 

12.7 

5.8 

Part-Hawaiian  . . . 

1,084 

49.4 

23.4 

15.1 

8.1 

4.0 

Portuguese  

2,220 

40.0 

27.8 

18.9 

8.4 

4.5 

Porto-Rican  

495 

26.9 

26.9 

23.0 

13.1 

10.1 

“Other  Caucasian” 

365 

81.4 

13.2 

4.4 

.5 

.5 

Chinese  

704 

56.2 

25.9 

9.7 

3.7 

4.5 

Japanese  

11,769 

49.3 

27.7 

15.2 

5.1 

2.7 

Korean 

317 

60.4 

23.7 

6.9 

4.1 

1.3 

Filipino 

1,102 

35.3 

23.8 

19.2 

11.2 

10.5 

17,398 

33 


CHART  NQ  V 


DIAGRAM  SHOWING  THE  RETARDATION  OF  PUBLIC  SCHOOLCHILDREN 
IN  HONOLULU  AND  IN  RURAL  5CHCDL5  WITH  EIGHT  OR  MORE  TEACHEK5 


Legend  | [normal 


I YEAR. 
RETARDED 


I 2 YEARS  I 
I RETARDED 


3 YEARS 
RETARDED 


4-  OR. 
MORE  YEARS 
RETARDED 


"A"  - Honolulu  "B"-Rural  Districts' 


Chinese: 


Japanese 


Part  Hawaiian 


Portuguese 


Hawaiian 


FiLI  PINO 


Porto  Rican 


A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 

A 

B 


34 


COxWICTIONS  FOR  CRIAIE  AND  PRISON  AND 
INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL  STATISTICS 


Court  and  prison  statistics  are  useful  for  some  purposes,  but  one 
should  exercise  much  caution  in  drawing  conclusions  from  them,  especi- 
ally conclusions  relative  to  innate  racial  qualities.  Under  Hawaiian  con- 
ditions, the  figures  are,  to  a very  great  extent,  significant  of  the  special 
historic  circumstances,  the  social  traditions,  the  occupational  and  social 
status,  education,  age  and  marital  condition  of  the  people  of  the  various 
groups,  and  only  slightly,  if  at  all,  evidential  of  any  biologically  inher- 
ited racial  tendencies  toward  crime. 

Over  half  of  all  convictions  of  each  Oriental  race  is  for  gambling, 
and  nearly  all  convictions  are  of  aliens,  although,  in  the  case  of  the 
Chinese,  there  is  a considerable  adult  population  of  citizens.  Apparently 
gambling  is  a vice  of  a life  devoid  of  normal  thrills  and  is  not  destined 
to  be  jwacticed  as  much  by  the  second  generation.  'I'he  use  of  opium 
is  mainly  confined  to  the  Chinese  and  Koreans.  It  is-  significant  that 
all  Chinese  committed  to  prison  in  the  year  1923-1924  were  foreign- 
horn.  Under  the  conditions  of  blawaiian  life,  very  few  young  people  are 
forming  the  opium  habit. 

While  murder  is  i)erhaps  the  most  serious  crime  from  a certain 
standi)oint,  it  has  least  value  as  an  indication  of  native  capacity  for  social 
conduct.  During  most  of  the  world’s  history  it  has  been  considered  the 
duty  of  a man  to  avenge  his  own  injuries  and,  where  the  social  agencies 
of  justice  are  not  highly  develoi>ed,  this  tradition  persists.  Being  based 
on  traditional  standards,  it  yields  promptly  as  new  cultural  influences 
are  brought  to  bear  on  the  situation.  Fraud,  embezzlement  and  larceny 
respond  less  readily  to  social  treatment. 

'I'he  rather  high  rate  of  committals  for  the  native  Hawaiians  may  be 
attributed  largelv  to  the  fact  that  they  are  undergoing  a profound  cul- 
tural change.  'I'he  shift  from  a primitive  feudalism  to  modern  political 
and  commercial  life  in  a comparatively  short  time  has  undermined  their 
ancient  ethical  system  and  brought  them  under  a system  of  relationships 
to  which  some  of  them  have  not  become  adjusted. 

The  very  favorable  showing  made  by  the  Japanese  is  due  mainly 
to  the  effectiveness  of  their  ancient  standards  of  conduct.  On  account 
of  their  relatively  large  numbers,  and  their  organized  agencies  for  main- 
taining old  customs  and  standards,  they  have  been  aide  to  maintain  a 
j)retty  effective  control  of  conduct  on  the  basis  of  their  own  old  traditions. 

The  bad  showing  made  by  the  Filipinos  is  largely  explained  by ; 

(1)  The  fact  that  they  are  mainly  18  to  35  years  of  age — the  age 
at  which  crime  is  most  frequent. 


35 


(2)  The  fact  that  most  of  them  have  no  wives  in  Hawaii.  The 
ratio  of  crime  is  always  higher  for  the  unmarried  and,  in  Hawaii,  trouble 
frequently  arises  between  two  Filipino  men  on  account  of  a woman. 

(3)  The  profound  difference  between  old  Filipino  traditional  stand- 
ards and  the  standards  of  American  law. 

The  smaller  groups,  such  as  the  Korean  and  Porto-Rican,  on  account 
of  their  smallness,  have  their  traditional  standards  broken  the  more 
quickly.  The  Porto-Ricans  in  particular  suffer  from  lack  of  organ- 
ization. 

Place  of  residence  is  a factor.  Most  convictions  are  in  the  courts 
of  Honolulu.  Practically  all  of  the  immigrant  peoples  were  of  rural 
origin  and  when  they  come  to  the  city  important  readjustments  are 
necessary  and  until  these  readjustments  are  made  there  is  much  trouble, 
some  of  which  finds  its  way  into  the  courts.  Juvenile  delinquency  in 
particular  is  frequent  with  boys  new  to  city  life.  Other  things  being 
equal,  then  the  race  whose  members  have  recently  moved  to  the  city 
makes  a bad  showing.  (See  page  11  for  distribution  of  population 
between  cities  and  rural  districts.) 

Men  in  army  and  navy  service  were  excluded  in  the  determination 
of  all  ratios  of  convictions  and  of  prison  population  in  the  following 
tables : 


Table  No.  24 

RATIO  OF  CONVICTIONS  IN  THE  COURTS  OF  THE 
TERRITORY  OF  HAWAII 


The  average  annual  number  of  convictions  (except 
juvenile  offenders)  in  all  courts  of  the  Territory  of 
Hawaii  for  the  ten  years,  1915-1924,  for  each  100,000 
male  population  over  18  years  of  age,  classified  by 
offense. 


Murder  Manslaughter  Robbery  Burglary  Fraud 


Hawaiian  and  Part-Hawaiian . . 8.0 

Porto-Rican  44.9 

Spanish 18.1 

Portuguese  and 

“Other  Caucasian”  2.3 

Chinese 1.7 

Japanese 3.0 

Korean  21.2 

Filipino  27.1 

All  races 8.9 


3.6 

21.5 

142.2 

8.9 

16.8 

5.6 

179.6 

5.3 

7.6 

45.8 

14.5 

2.5 

3.3 

20.0 

7.6 

1.5 

2.5 

8.5 

1.5 

3.5 

14.2 

106.1 

42.4 

4.1 

00 

bo 

80.1 

3.0 

3.2 

7.1 

49.1 

6.3 

36 


RATIO  OF  CONVICTIONS  IN  THE  COURTS  OF  THE  TERRITORY  OF 

HAWAII 


Offenses 

ICmbezzle- 

Forgery 

Gambling 

Against 

Drunk- 

merit 

Chastity 

eness 

Hawaiian  and  Part-Hawaiian. 

..  28.6 

19.7 

1,759.7 

585.7 

925.4 

Porto-Rican 

. . 5.6 

5.6 

3,193.1 

1,447.8 

1 818.2 

Spanish  ■ 

Portuguese  and 

..  36.2 

36.2 

488.3 

289.4 

994.8 

“Other  Caucasian”  

. . 55.7 

15.3 

691.3 

279.3 

1,130.0 

Chinese  

. . 19.3 

10.9 

4,151.7 

66.0 

38.4 

Japanese  

. . 7.5 

4.2 

4,217.5 

61.4 

135.7 

Korean  

..  24.8 

21.2 

6,334.2 

134.4 

1,018.6 

Filipino  

. . 21.2 

5.9 

9.243.9 

732.1 

202.2 

All  races 

21  2 

9.3 

4,452.7 

297.7 

472.0 

Violation 

Narcotic 

of  Law 
Liquor 

,\11  Other 
Offenses 

All  Offenses 

Hawaiian,  Part-Hawaiian . . 

4.5 

101.9 

4.093.3 

7,703.0 

Porto-Rican  

5.7 

275.0 

6,144.8 

13.142.6 

Span’sh 

144.7 

3,942.9 

5,950.5 

Portuguese  and  “Other 
Caucasian”  

7.6 

145.0 

4,289.6 

6,689.2 

Chinese 

. . 1.129.4 

207.2 

1,583.8 

7.241.7 

Japanese  

3.0 

255.0 

1,660.5 

6,361.8 

Korean  

, . 367.8 

272.3 

4,028.3 

12,389.1 

Filipino  

2.4 

51.9 

3 613.8 

13,996.5 

All  races 

, . 150.8 

187.1 

2,727.1 

8,392.5 

Table  No.  25 

RATIO  OF  CONVICTIONS  IN  THE  FEDERAL  COURT  IN  HAWAII 


Tlie  number  of  convictions  in  the  Federal  Court  for  the 
years,  July  L 1923.  to  June  30,  1924,  to  each  100,000  male 
population,  over  18  years  of  age. 


\’iolation  of 


Narcotics 

Prohibition 

.■\1I  Other 

Total 

Law 

Law 

Offenses 

Hawaiian,  Part-Hawaiian... 

34.9 

52.4 

17.5 

104.8 

Porto-Rican  

216.2 

54.0 

260.2 

Spanish 

600.0 

200.0 

800.0 

Portuguese  

14.2 

84.9 

28.3 

127.4 

“Other  Caucasian”  

40.0 

13.3 

53.3 

Chinese  

. . 1,945.4 

127.3 

18.2 

2,090.9 

Japanese  

15.8 

173.7 

13.2 

202.7 

Korean  ' 

. 932.0 

194.1 

38.8 

1.164.9 

Fi'ipino  

30.7 

19.2 

46.1 

96.0 

All  races  

. 250.0 

108.4 

32.1 

380.5 

37 


Table  No.  26 


CONVICTS  COMMITTED  TO  PRISON  DURING  THE  FISCAL  YEAR 
ENDING  JUNE  30,  1924 


C 


V O 

C ~ 


V) 


0.} 


o 


£ 


o 


o 

tn 

n 


o •- 

O rt 
O V 


Hawaiian,  Part-Hawaiian  ...  2 2 5 32  4 9 54  472 

Portuguese  2 . . 1 12  . . 2 17  241 

Porto-Rican 3 1 2 ..  2 8 432 

Spanish  1 1 200 

“Other  Caucasian” 1 . . 2 10  3 3 19  253 

Chinese  1 . . . . 10  93  . . 104  945 

Japanese  2 4 4 12  7 . . 37  97 

Korean 2 1 22  1 26  1,029 

Filipino  14  7 9 16  5 2 53  238 


PRISON  POPULATION 

Since  nearly  all  prisoners  are  men,  minors  under  18  years  of  age 
being  sent,  for  the  most  part,  to  industrial  schools,  and  there  being  few 
women  who  serve  prison  sentences,  it  seems  best  to  compute  ratios  for 
men  only.  Because  of  the  very  abnormal  age-sex  distribution  of  some 
of  the  races,  a ratio  based  on  the  entire  population  would  be  misleading. 


Table  No.  27 


Average  number  of  male  prisoners  in  the  Oahu  Prison 
at  four  dates:  June  1,  1923;  December  31,  1923;  June 
30,  1924;  December  31,  1924,  classified  by  race  and  into 
two  age  groups  and  ratio  of  total  to  100,000  males  over 
18  years  of  age. 


Under  30 

Over  30 

No.  to  100,000 
males  over  18 

years  of  age. 

years  of  age. 

years  of  age 

Hawaiian,  Part-Hawaiian 

69 

14 

727 

Portuguese  

20 

5 

350 

Porto-Rican 

9 

11 

960 

Spanish  

1 

1 

485 

“Other  Caucasian”  

20 

9 

403 

Chinese  

12 

24 

318 

Japanese  

24 

39 

192 

Korean 

5 

15 

778 

Filipino  

80 

52 

502 

All  races  

240 

171 

384 

38 


CHART  NQ  -m 


DIAGRAM  SHOWING  THE  AVERAGE  NUMBEFL  OF 
MALE  PRISONERS  AT  FOUR  DATES  TO  EACH  100,000 
MALES  OVER  18  YEARS 


Japanese 


Chinese 


Filipino 

Hawaiian  and 
Part  Hawaiian 

Korean 
Porto  R-ican 
All  Races 


200 


400 


600 


800  1000 


I.  Based  on  males  over  18  years  old  exclusive  of  men 
in  Army-Navy  Service. 


39 


JUVENILE  DELINQUENCY 


Juvenile  delinquency  is  largely  a measure  of  the  failure  of  home 
influences  in  the  life  of  youth.  However  successful  the  school  may  be, 
it  remains  for  the  home  to  inculcate  the  fundamental  standards  of  con- 
duct and  to  furnish  guidance,  particularly  in  the  trying  age  between 
school  and  maturity, — guidance  in  the  establishment  of  industrial  and 
domestic  relations  and  standards.  Under  certain  conditions,  the  par- 
ents lose  the  power  to  furnish  this  guidance.  Under  circumstances  of  too 
rapid  social  change,  as  when  an  immigrant  people  is  acquiring  a new 
national  culture  of  widely  different  character,  children  do  not  have,  in 
the  normal  degree,  confidence  in  the  judgment  of  their  parents  and  even 
the  i^arents  are  doubtful  as  to  the  value  of  their  own  ancient  standards 
under  the  new  conditions.  The  moral  authority  of  parents  is  under- 
mined. Youth  is  headstrong  and  uncurbed.  Of  course,  this  condition 
is  not  universal.  People  of  the  more  philosophic  mind,  of  deeper  rever- 
ence, or  those  more  favorably  situated,  do  manage  to  make  the  adjust- 
ment pretty  well,  hut,  for  the  boys  and  girls  generally,  there  is  much 
hazard,  and  the  numbers  who  go  wrong  are  all  too  large. 

The  seriousness  of  juvenile  delinquency  in  the  Territory  may  be 
inferi'ed  from  the  fact  that,  while  in  the  United  States  generally,  the 
expenditure  for  correctional  institutions  for  juveniles  is  equal  to  about 
one-fourth  that  for  institutions  for  adults,  Hawaii  expends  more  on 
account  of  juveniles  than  on  account  of  adult  delinquents. 

There  is  a high  degree  of  correlation  between  the  ratio  of  juvenile 
delinquency  and  the  disorganization  and  maladjustment  of  the  group 
to  the  conditions  of  life.  Ordinarily  the  maladjustments  are  greatest 
for  any  group  soon  after  immigration  unless  there  is  a later  increase 
through  a large  movement  to  the  city.  Disorganization  involving  the 
breakdown  of  old  country  ideals  and  standards  increases  indefinitely  and 
until  there  are  readjustments  that  bring  the  children  under  the  influence 
of  the  social  standards  of  the  larger  society  there  is  an  increase  in  juven- 
ile delinquency.  The  racial  groups  that  succeed  best  in  maintaining  their 
traditional  standards  for  a generation  make  a better  record  for  social 
conduct. 

Consequently  the  ratio  of  juvenile  delinquency  is  affected  by:  (1) 
Length  of  residence  in  Hawaii,  or,  in  the  case  of  Hawaiians,  length  of 
contact  with  other  races  : (2)  The  size  of  the  group.  The  larger  groups 
have  the  advantage  in  maintaining  organization  and  internal  control ; 
(3)  Institutional  organizations  for  maintaining  race  culture  such  as 
schools  and  religious  agencies:  (4)  Practical  circumstances  affecting  the 
number  and  character  of  contacts  with  other  races.  City  life  favors  a 


40 


more  rapid  cultural  change.  The  very  low  ratio  of  delinquency  of  the 
Japanese  is  largely  explained  by  the  size  of  the  group  and  by  the  effec- 
tiveness of  its  internal  organization.  The  very  high  rate  of  the  Koreans 
is  due  in  a measure  to  their  fewness  and  to  the  consequent  rapid  break 
down  of  internal  control.  Of  course  much  depends  on  the  previous  state 
of  social  control. 

The  court  statistics  tell  only  one  part  of  the  story.  The  favorable 
aspects  of  the  cultural  changes  are  found  in  the  economic  and  the  educa- 
tional statistics. 

It  should  not  be  inferred  that  the  whole  situation  is  beyond  the 
influence  of  purposive  social  effort.  As  rapidly  as  the  leaders  of  public 
jx)licv  understand  and  appreciate  tlie  character  of  the  problem,  it  is 
possible,  through  well-devised  social  action,  to  reduce  the  hazard  incident 
to  the  process  of  acculturation.  Indeed  credit  for  part  of  the  improve- 
ment already  noted  must  he  given  to  various  social  agencies  such  as 
the  Boy  Scouts,  the  Young  Men’s  Christian  Association,  Palama  Social 
Settlement  and  the  Playground  Association. 

If  the  figures  were  presented  year  by  year  for  the  whole  ten  years 
much  improvement  would  be  noted  for  those  groups  that  have  made 
most  readjustment.  The  ratios  1920-24  are,  for  the  Portuguese  and 
Chinese,  much  lower  than  those  of  1915-18.  Ordinarily  when  there  is  a 
considerable  migration  of  members  of  a race  to  the  city  there  is  a marked 
rise  in  the  ratio  of  juvenile  delinquency  for  ten  or  fifteen  years  and  then 
it  is  reduced.  When  the  cultural  adjustments  shall  have  been  pretty 
fully  accomplished  we  may  anticipate  a return  to  normal  rates  of  juvenile 
delinquencv. 

JUVENILE  DELINQUENCY  BY  RACE 
Table  No.  28 


Juvenile  court  con- 
victions for  ei|?ht 
years,  1916*1924 


Hawaiian  3,625 

Part-Hawaiian  3,684 

Porto-Rican  1 250 

Spanish 534 

Portuguese 5,445 

“Other  Caucasian”  1,545 

Chinese 3,153 

Japanese  13.344 

Korean  344 

Filipino  819 


Juveniles  found  delinquent 
1916—1924 


50 

43 

36  1 
31  j 

348 

676 

1,024 

1,751 

17 

6 

55 

106 

161 

1,610 

1 

3 

7 

22 

29 

679 

19 

5 

91 
2 f 

221 

538 

759 

1,357 

7 

2 

119 

271 

390 

1,546 

12 

1 

122 

279 

401 

376 

3 

1 

37 

16 

53 

1,926 

5 

7 

36 

53 

89 

1.358 

41 


OPPORTUNITY  FOR  SOCIAL  STUDIES  IN  HAWAII 


The  data  of  this  study  are  found  in  the  United  States  Census 
reports  and  in  the  reports  of  various  departments  of  the  Government 
of  Hawaii.  They  are  to  be  regarded  as  samples  of  what  is  available 
in  great  abundance.  For  the  most  part  the  official  statistics  of  Hawaii 
are  pretty  accurate.  In  certain  respects  our  estimates  are  more 
nearl)^  accurate  than  any  estimates  that  could  be  made  for  any  of  the 
States. 

Ever  since  foreigners  came  to  Hawaii  in  considerable  numbers 
it  has  been  the  custom  to  keep  the  statistical  information  by  race.  It 
is  possible,  therefore,  to  use  this  data  in  such  a way  as  to  get  a pretty 
adequate  view  of  the  whole  complex  racial  situation.  One  is  able 
to  follow  each  racial  group  from  the  time  of  its  arrival  to  the  present. 
Marriages,  births,  deaths,  migration  to  the  mainland  or  return  to  the 
lands  of  their  nativity  are  matters  of  knowledge.  Occupational  activi- 
ties, and  political,  social,  economic,  educational  and  general  cultural 
progress  can  be  measured.  Statistics  of  convictions  for  crime  and  of 
punishment  bear  testimony  as  to  some  of  the  readjustments  necessi- 
tated by  the  conditions  of  Hawaiian  life. 

Of  course  there  is  much  that  statistics  do  not  reveal.  The  way 
the  old  country  traditions  • and  ethical  standards  function  or  fail  to 
function  in  Hawaii,  the  fundamental  philosophies,  the  attitudes,  and 
the  wishes  of  the  people  of  the  various  racial  groups  are  matters  of 
intimate  personal  experience.  The  practical  situation  in  Hawaii  has 
stimulated  much  thought  relative  to  these  things.  People  of  all  the 
racial  groups  have  participated  in  this  and  racial  contacts  have  been 
such  as  to  facilitate  communication  and  discussion. 

There  is  sufficient  race  prejudice  to  produce  problems  of  adjustment 
but  the  prejudice  is  not  so  strong  as  to  discourage  effort.  To  a con- 
siderable extent  people  of  all  races  are  able  and  willing  to  face  the 
facts. 

As  the  writer  sees  it,  all  these  things  help  to  make  Hawaii  an 
unusually  good  place  for  the  scientific  study  of  those  social  problems 
that  grow  out  of  the  contacts  between  peoples  of  different  races.  There 
is  much  to  justify  the  term  “racial  laboratory”  as  applied  to  Hawaii. 
i\Iav  an  increasing  use  be  made  of  the  laboratory. 


42 


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